Radon is a naturally occurring, radioactive noble gas released from the Earth's crust.
It forms through the decay of uranium, thorium, and radium found in certain soils, rocks, and water. Radon levels vary across regions, with the highest concentrations in areas rich in uranium-bearing granite formations.
Invisible, odorless, and tasteless, radon cannot be detected by human senses. It is slightly denser than air and naturally present in the atmosphere. While outdoor radon levels are typically low, indoor concentrations can become significantly high, often exceeding legal safety limits. Due to its radioactivity, radon is considered a natural environmental pollutant.
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Although chemically inert, radon is radioactive and decays into other elements. These decay products attach to airborne dust particles, which, when inhaled, can settle in lung tissue. Once inside the lungs, they emit alpha radiation, which is highly energetic and capable of damaging DNA.
This damage can trigger mutations that increase the risk of lung cancer. Recent studies suggest that alpha-emitting particles deposited deep in the respiratory system may even enter the bloodstream, potentially affecting other organs.
Radon is also present in groundwater, including wells and natural springs. When used for household activities, it can be released into the air, further increasing indoor exposure.